Results
Validation of Time Management Questionnaire
Since the Time Management Questionnaire is a new instrument used for this study, some reliability and validity tests are warranted to determine a level of confidence to place in this instrument.
A Cronbach’s Alpha score was computed on the 11 items making up the “Time Management Survey”. The reliability of this scale was found to be 0.351 which is a very low reliability score. An inter-item correlation of the 11 questions was then computed to see if any of the scale questions were related to each other.
Table 1: Time Management Survey Inter-Item Correlation Matrix
|
|
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
Q5 |
Q6 |
Q7 |
Q8 |
Q9 |
Q10 |
Q11 |
|
Q1 |
-.029 |
-.091 |
.106 |
.349 |
.306 |
-.317 |
.142 |
-.153 |
.067 |
.427 |
|
Q2 |
|
.567 |
-.265 |
-.049 |
-.357 |
.068 |
-.451 |
.226 |
.402 |
.013 |
|
Q3 |
|
|
-.230 |
-.059 |
.110 |
.265 |
-.165 |
.166 |
.421 |
.133 |
|
Q4 |
|
|
|
.077 |
.124 |
.007 |
.106 |
.060 |
.081 |
.157 |
|
Q5 |
|
|
|
|
.256 |
-.308 |
.105 |
-.290 |
.019 |
.159 |
|
Q6 |
|
|
|
|
|
-.293 |
.333 |
-.292 |
-.049 |
.310 |
|
Q7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-.226 |
.379 |
.256 |
.020 |
|
Q8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-.222 |
-.444 |
.281 |
|
Q9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.031 |
.231 |
|
Q10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-.150 |
A Spearman correlation was also conducted between the 11 questions and student’s academic performance (Table 2). None of the 11 survey questions seem to correlate with academic performance.
Table 2: Spearman correlation between Time Management Survey Questions and Academic Performance
|
|
|
Exam 1 |
Cumm. Perf |
|
Q1 |
Correlation Coefficient |
-.135 |
.053 |
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.439 |
.763 |
|
Q2 |
Correlation Coefficient |
.150 |
-.024 |
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.390 |
.890 |
|
Q3 |
Correlation Coefficient |
.113 |
-.080 |
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.517 |
.646 |
|
Q4 |
Correlation Coefficient |
-.187 |
-.168 |
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.283 |
.335 |
|
Q5 |
Correlation Coefficient |
-.035 |
-.007 |
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.842 |
.967 |
|
Q6 |
Correlation Coefficient |
-.149 |
-.145 |
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.394 |
.406 |
|
Q7 |
Correlation Coefficient |
.011 |
.017 |
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.952 |
.923 |
|
Q8 |
Correlation Coefficient |
-.173 |
-.085 |
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.319 |
.625 |
|
Q9 |
Correlation Coefficient |
.321 |
.286 |
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.060 |
.096 |
|
Q10 |
Correlation Coefficient |
.020 |
-.011 |
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.909 |
.951 |
|
Q11 |
Correlation Coefficient |
-.017 |
-.048 |
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.921 |
.783 |
Next, the students’ estimates of the amount of time they spent on various recreational activities were compared to the time management scale using a Spearman coefficient matrix. Although it was expected that students with a low score on the Time Management Survey would spend a greater proportion of their time on recreational activities, no significance was found between these two dimensions (Table 3).
Table 3: Correlation of self-estimates of recreational activities and self assessment of time management skills
|
|
|
Plea-sure Reading |
Watching TV |
Time with Friends |
Chatting on-line |
Computer Games |
Console Games |
Social Networking |
Surfing Internet |
Shopping |
Volunteering |
Total Recreation Time |
Time Management Scale |
|
Exercising |
Corr. Coef. |
.482(**) |
.053 |
.255 |
.108 |
.068 |
.157 |
.172 |
.052 |
-.166 |
-.239 |
.422(*) |
-.166 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.002 |
.380 |
.139 |
.538 |
.698 |
.368 |
.324 |
.765 |
.339 |
.167 |
.012 |
.339 |
|
|
Pleasure Reading |
Corr. Coef. |
|
-.153 |
.309 |
.200 |
.091 |
.026 |
-.189 |
.049 |
-.278 |
.048 |
.517(**) |
.000 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
|
.380 |
.071 |
.249 |
.602 |
.881 |
.277 |
.780 |
.106 |
.783 |
.001 |
.998 |
|
|
Watching TV |
Corr. Coef. |
|
|
.137 |
.166 |
.116 |
.234 |
.475(**) |
.021 |
-.188 |
-.279 |
.218 |
-.321 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
|
|
.433 |
.340 |
.508 |
.175 |
.004 |
.904 |
.279 |
.104 |
.209 |
.060 |
|
|
Time with Friends |
Corr. Coef. |
|
|
|
.082 |
.085 |
.021 |
.122 |
.215 |
-.407(*) |
-.042 |
.511(**) |
-.115 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
|
|
|
.638 |
.629 |
.906 |
.487 |
.214 |
.015 |
.813 |
.002 |
.509 |
|
|
Chatting on-line |
Corr. Coef. |
|
|
|
|
.271 |
.142 |
.240 |
.027 |
-.115 |
.137 |
.510(**) |
-.069 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
|
|
|
|
.115 |
.417 |
.165 |
.880 |
.509 |
.433 |
.002 |
.693 |
|
|
Computer Games |
Corr. Coef. |
|
|
|
|
|
.179 |
.070 |
-.229 |
.123 |
-.262 |
.368(*) |
-.245 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
|
|
|
|
|
.304 |
.689 |
.185 |
.481 |
.129 |
.029 |
.157 |
|
|
Console Games |
Corr. Coef. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
.271 |
-.032 |
.218 |
-.338(*) |
.367(*) |
-.271 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
.115 |
.857 |
.209 |
.047 |
.030 |
.116 |
|
|
Social Networking |
Corr. Coef. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.138 |
-.155 |
-.176 |
.291 |
-.238 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.428 |
.375 |
.312 |
.090 |
.169 |
|
|
Surfing Internet |
Corr. Coef. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-.224 |
-.062 |
.417(*) |
-.113 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.195 |
.725 |
.013 |
.518 |
|
|
Shopping |
Corr. Coef. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-.119 |
-.224 |
-.050 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.498 |
.195 |
.776 |
|
|
Volunteering |
Corr. Coef. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-.198 |
.323 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.255 |
.059 |
|
|
Total Recreation Time |
Corr. Coef. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-.286 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
. |
.096 |
|
|
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). |
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